Japanese Attack On Pearl Harbor - 955 Words

It is no question that people living in the United States in this current generation blame the Japanese for the attack on Pearl Harbor and will seize any opportunity to bring it up as an insult. However, do they consider why the Japanese did it? What was their reason for committing such an act? Why would Japanese soldiers give up their lives for such an act? It is never brought up and dismissed as if they were simply soulless monsters who attacked the U.S. out of hate. Another thing people don’t consider is the time this attack occurred: World War II— a time of war. The Japanese had a reason for such a risky attack and it was not an easy decision for them to make. This is not to justify their actions, but rather to take in consideration of the time period and making it clear as to why it was a reasonable decision to the Japanese at the time. The Japanese viewed the U.S.’s inactivity in the war and its The Great Depression as an opportunity to obtain more territor y in the Pacific. The Japanese’s intelligence on the American navy was also very limited and led them to think that â€Å"†¦if Japanese naval forces took out the American Pacific carriers at Pearl Harbor, there was simply no way for America, at least in the immediate future, to contradict any of their Pacific agendas† (Davis, Source 1: Real Reason Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor). The Japanese thought that if anything the United States would enter into a negotiation or respond weakly to the attack as its naval base wasShow MoreRelatedThe Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor820 Words   |  3 PagesMany American’s were shocked by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, however there were many signs that the tensions between the two countries was growing. Japan was desperate for economic growth. In 1915 Japan issued the â€Å"Twenty-One Demands† to China in order to gain control in certain areas of the country. These demands were in conflict of the â€Å"O pen Door† U.S. policy to leave China a sovereign country. Leaving China sovereign would allow all other countries to have equal access to Chinese tradeRead MoreThe Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor1392 Words   |  6 Pagesby President Franklin Delano Roosevelt -- the Japanese unexpectedly attacked the United States’ naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. This crippling attack caused many American casualties, and American citizens quickly became filled with fury and abhorrence; the detestation that swallowed the hearts of the American citizens was shown through President Roosevelt’s expeditious appeal to Congress to declare war against Japan. The attack on Pearl Harbor was an unforgettable day in history and directlyRead MoreJapanese Attack On Pearl Harbor1437 Words   |  6 PagesOne fateful morning on Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese attack planes first hit the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii at 7:53AM. Approximately more than 2,000 soldier s and sailors were killed, and 1,000 were injured. The Japanese destroyed 200 airplanes and 20 American naval vessels, including 8 colossal battleships in just two hours. This surprise attack caused President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress to declare war on Japan, and its allies Italy and Germany also declaredRead MoreThe Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor811 Words   |  3 Pages Hopes of American-Japanese relations came crumbling down when Japan launched a surprise attack on America during World War II (WWII) that would kill thousands. As the Empire of Japan expanded land into China, Americans became angered. The United States stopped all shipments of oil and steal to Japan which was being used to make various war machinery and thereon began sending other military hardware to the military leader of China. Numerous negotiations still did not sway the UnitedRead MoreThe Japanese Attack On Pearl Harbor2930 Words   |  12 PagesStates failed to predict the Japanese a ttack on Pearl Harbor. Relevant literature demonstrates that the U.S. did predict a war. In fact, it is argued that the U.S infiltrated the war through means of strategy and manipulation of persuasions within Japanese politics. Some of the tactics used included the use of negotiations and sanctions which inevitably forced Japan to initiate war. This case report demonstrates that the direct cause of failing to predict Pearl Harbor was due to uncertainty of theRead MoreJapanese Attack On Pearl Harbor Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pagesthousands of Japanese-Americans, regardless of United States citizenship status, were required to evacuate their homes and businesses. Sparked by rising fear and anxiety of the American people after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, a United States Naval base in Hawaii, Japanese-Americans were moved to remote areas on the West Coast, where they were isolated in internment camps organized and run by the United States Government. Despite the lack of any concrete evidence, the U.S. forced Japanese-AmericansRead MoreJapanese Attack On Pearl Harbor1495 Words   |  6 Pageslaunch an attack on the naval base of Pearl Harbor. It was completely unexpected as many sailors thought the attack was just a drill, but in the end, it resulted in many casualties. Japan’s decision to attack Pearl Harbor w as a mistake because the United States declared war on Japan the day after the attack. The United States decision to join World War II was a major support to the Allies, as it eventually led to the defeat of the Axis powers. Thus, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was a turningRead MoreJapanese Attack On Pearl Harbor1139 Words   |  5 Pages1941: Attack on Pearl Harbor: On December 7, 1941, Japanese military attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. This surprise attack left over two thousand people dead and destroyed a majority of the base’s planes and battleships. The United States had previously been neutral and did not have involvement in World War II, but, as a result of the attack, the United States declared war on Japan. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor is an important event in history because it is whatRead MoreJapanese Motivations for the Attack on Pearl Harbor1556 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Japanese government behind the air attack on Pearl H arbor? To assess these motivations, the significance of Pear Harbor, the result of the attack, the overall intentions of the Japanese government, as well as the relations with them and the United States are being identified and evaluated in this investigation. In addition, the attack itself must be evaluated to have a full understanding of the attack and its intention. B. Summary of Evidence The Japanese military strike on Pearl Harbor occurredRead MoreThe War After The Japanese Attack On Pearl Harbor1469 Words   |  6 PagesIvan Peng, Erin Wong Galloway HUSH Period 6 11 February 2017 WW2 Propaganda From 1941 to 1945, the United States fought in the second world war after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It had created a chaotic environment for America as a whole; panic spread across the nation and many were fearful of the Axis powers. Because the government is an accurate representation of its people, the people will always reflect the behaviors of their government. Thus, nations needed to remain strong and tenacious

Immunization Provides Direct And Effective Protection...

Immunization provides direct and effective protection against preventable diseases, and hence it is one of the most cost effective public health interventions. Vaccines are preventing 2-3 million deaths due to diphtheria, pertussis(whooping cough) tetanus and measles worldwide. WHO launched the Expanded Immunization Program (EPI) in 1974 against 6 vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) namely, diphtheria, polio, tuberculosis, pertussis, measles and tetanus. Government of India introduced EPI in 1978, which was later changed to Universal Immunization Program (UIP) in 1985. In reality, the aim with which UIP started, that is to reduce burden of VPDs, is only partially achieved. VPDs are still responsible for around 5, 00,000 deaths in India out of the total 1.5 million deaths in world. India is one of the countries with lowest immunization coverage in the world. According to data from National Family Health Survey 2005-06 (NFHS 3), only 43.5% of children aged between 12-23 months were fully vaccinated. (Fully immunized child is the one who has completed the recommended schedule of BCG, DPT, 3 doses of OPV and measles vaccine before 1 year of age) According to UNICEF coverage evaluation survey 2009, 61% of children between age 12-23 months were fully immunized in India and 7.6% of same age children did not receive any vaccination. The same survey also reports that drop- out rates were also significantly high and differed for different vaccines. Drop- out rate for BCG-DPT3 was 18%,Show MoreRelatedPreventing Immunization Rates And Reduce Preventable Infect ious Diseases1341 Words   |  6 Pagesreductions in infectious disease mortality, largely to immunization. (Healthy People 2020). Nation’s attempt to control diseases, Vaccines are one of the most cost-effective clinical preventive services and are a core component of any preventive services of infectious diseases(Healthy People 2010)because diseases do not stop at geopolitical borders or exclusive only to third world countries. Immunizations saved 33,000 lives. prevents 14 million cases of disease,and it reduces direct healthcare costsRead MoreVaccines Prevent The Human Race1697 Words   |  7 Pagesamong children younger than age 5 every year, [however;] 1 child dies every 20 seconds from a disease that could have been prevented by a vaccine† (Global Health Security: Immunization). Providing immunity to human, vaccines have saved countless lives through one simple injecting and have eradicated many diseases that used be common among people. Vaccines is the soluti on and allow us to be able to combat diseases that have overwhelmed humans for centuries. Having this preventative practice has been extremelyRead MorePros And Cons Of Vaccination1665 Words   |  7 PagesVaccinations, Worth A Shot! Mandated Vaccinations are a huge argument right now because of health and disease issues. There are people on both sides of this argument. Some people are against vaccinating their children because they feel they are being forced to have their child get vaccinated. While some people feel the need that vaccinations are important to protect themselves from any illness or diseases. Vaccinations should be mandatory for all schools and health care purposes. For one, people who areRead MoreVaccines Are The Best Effective Preventative Tools Against Highly Infectious Disease?2037 Words   |  9 PagesVaccines are thought to be some of the most effective preventative tools against highly infectious disease processes and their complications. Routine vaccinations in the United States have led to drastic declines in vaccine-preventable diseases (Omer, Salmon, Orenstein, DeHart, Halsey, 2010) such as mumps, rubella, polio, smallpox and diphtheria. These diseases are occurring at less than 1% of what they were during the pre-vaccine era, especially in higher income countries. Vaccination requirementsRead MoreVaccination Is The Human Body Protect An Individual From Infection Or Disease?1407 Words   |  6 Pagesbroad range of prevantable diseases. World wide, millions if not billions of people are reprieved from ever being infected by certain diseases and viruses that could kill or leave them scarred even should they survive the virus. The low death toll and spread of diseases are directly connected to the use of vaccination. The main purpose of vaccination is to increase disease immunity among people and large populations. Vaccines teach the human body how to defend against foriegn The vaccine â€Å"teaches†Read MoreMandatory Vaccination For Children : A Health Policy Debate1905 Words   |  8 Pagesscience makes advancements and diseases processes evolve and emerge. Around 400 BC, Hippocrates recognized the now preventable diseases, such as diphtheria and mumps (Immunization Act Coalition, 2015). The first effort to immunize dates back to the 1100’s when children were inoculated with scabs from individuals who recently had small pox, with a technique coined as variolation. Then in 1796, Edward Jenner successfully created the first small pox vaccine (Immunization Act Coalition, 2015). AccordingRead MoreCultural Perspectives on Vaccination1164 Words   |  5 Pagesthey have, and that vaccines have been largely advantageous to public health. Main points of contention: Pro-vaccinators (usually health care specialists, microbiologists, governments, pharmaceutical companies) Vaccinations are an effective and cost-saving tool for disease prevention. Positive externality attached to the use of vaccinations – overall public health is positively affected Side-effects are infrequent and the most common ones are minor. Anti-vaccinators (some conservative Islamic and ChristianRead MoreNonvaccinated Children in Public Schools1793 Words   |  8 Pagesmake sure their child is protected from infectious diseases and wants to do everything in their power to prevent any illness in the future. Every day there are thousands of babies born in this world and as parents we know that their immune systems are not ready to take on the illnesses that this world has. So why not protect your child? The American Academy of Pediatrics state that childhood vaccines are 90 – 99% effective in preventing disease. The risks of not being vaccinated far outweigh theRead MoreNonvaccinated Children in Public Schools1785 Words   |  8 Pagesmake sure their child is protected from infectious diseases and wants to do everything in their power to prevent any illness in the future. Every day there are thousands of babies born in this world and as parents we know that their immune systems are not ready to take on the illne sses that this world has. So why not protect your child? The American Academy of Pediatrics state that childhood vaccines are 90 – 99% effective in preventing disease. The risks of not being vaccinated far outweigh theRead MoreThe Social Issues Of Vaccinations1740 Words   |  7 Pagescriteria and increased awareness, has fueled concerns that an environmental exposure like vaccines might cause autism. BIOLOGY (PROCESS / MECHANISM) Diseases that vaccines prevent can be dangerous, or even deadly. Vaccines greatly reduce the risk of infection by working with the body’s natural defenses to safely develop immunity to disease. Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, does not cause illness, but it does cause the immune system to

Whichever definition one may opt to use, it is clear that a crime is a vice Free Essays

A crime is an act or an omission which contravenes the laid down rules of a given country. (Jones, 2008) This then follows a punishment imposed by the same law which has been contravened. Crime can also be defined as a disruption of the normal social order in the society. We will write a custom essay sample on Whichever definition one may opt to use, it is clear that a crime is a vice or any similar topic only for you Order Now (David, 2005) Whichever definition one may opt to use, it is clear that a crime is a vice in the society and all measures must be taken to contain the same.   Having defined what constitutes a crime, the next question that comes into our minds is, why do people engage in crime?   Of what benefits is it to be involved in criminal activities?   This paper takes an in-depth look as to the various reasons why people involve themselves in crime.   Most importantly this paper shall focus on how exactly an individual gets into crime and basically the pathway to crime. A random survey was taken in 1997 from the streets and separate criminals were asked why they opted to engage themselves in criminal activities.   Some said they did it due to desperation and lack of money, others said they found it being an easy way of getting money without tiring. To others criminal activities were a means by which they earned their living while to others they did it out of stress and depression.   To some others they were pressured and influenced by their peers and before they realized it they were already in crime.   To some people crime was a way of avenging themselves against people who have wronged them. (David, 2005) As already mentioned individuals engage in crime for several reasons.   Some individuals will therefore get out of crime if the factor that is catalyzing their involvement in criminal activities ceases to exist. For instance if a person engages in crime due to stress and depression, if the depression is dealt with medically or otherwise it consequently mean that the particular individual will no longer continue in crime as the factor that was influencing his/her involvement in crime no longer exists. It is surprising however to note that not every criminal will get out of criminal activities even when the factor that was influencing his criminal activities ceases to exist.   This one therefore means that there are people who are life course offenders and will always be involved in crime regardless of their situation. This in essence means that there are two categories of people. These are the desisters also known as adolescent-limited offenders and persisters also known as life course persistent offenders.   It is important to differentiate these two groups so as to know how to deal with each. Adolescent limited offenders as the phrase suggests have their criminal activities limited to the adolescent age. This is the age bracket after which they quite engagement in criminal activities.   Adolescent limited offenders do not extend their criminal activities into adulthood. (Jones, 2008) Psychologists have confirmed that most youth engage in a lot of antisocial behavior during their adolescence.   This however fades as they continue to mature. On the other hand life course persistent offenders demonstrate antisocial behavior however mild from childhood all the way to adulthood. (Jones, 2008) These two groups must therefore be dealt with differently. In dealing with desisters it is important that they are made aware of the consequences of their actions and guided so that they may reform. Psychologists also indicate that parents of desisters and the society at large should be cautious so as not to brand them as criminals as this may have a psychological impact on them. It is also important to keep warning them and eventually they will become law abiding citizens. It is very vital to identify the life course offenders or the persisters early enough so as to be able to deal with them effectively. There are various ways of dealing with this group which include: institutional training, finding a job for them to do so that they may not be idle. Occasionally these offenders may go for counseling or be put on probation as a correctional method. In conclusion therefore it is important to identify and differentiate the two types of criminals that there are in order to deal with them effectively. Bibliography Farrington David P (2005) Integrated Development and Life Course Theories of Offending London, Transaction Publishers Jones David (2008) Understanding criminal behavior: Psychosocial approaches to criminality, New York, William Publishing How to cite Whichever definition one may opt to use, it is clear that a crime is a vice, Papers

Social Media Marketing In Hospitality Industry-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Role of Social Media Marketing In Hospitality Industry. Answer: Introduction The current review of literature is premised on role of social media marketing in tourism industry. Considering the context of destination marketing, role of social media is being more profound in the contemporary world. With exponential growth of social media, both in the global and Australian market, the demand for understanding the role of social media in the operation of hospitality industry has been increased. Lifeline of the hospitality industry is people - who are perceived as consumers/customers by hospitality firms such as hotels and restaurants. Therefore, these organisations use a plethora of online marketing tools and techniques as a new marketing channel in order to connect with their customers. Conceptual Framework Figure 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by learner) Critically analysing the Emergence of social media marketing In the last decade, the rise of social media has been a major socio-cultural revolution, coupled with significant economic outcomes. People have joined in different social media platforms and this has contributed to ballooning of those online communities. In opinion of Leung et al. (2015, p.149), such changes have enabled people to express their opinion on matters more effectively and instantly and this has changed landscape of marketing in the hospitality industry. In addition, Demographic factors such as age and gender, coupled with socioeconomic status have enhanced concept of customer relationship in the hospitality industry (Leung et al. 2013, p.5). Figure 2: Number of Facebook users in Australia from 2015 to 2022 (in millions) (Source: Statista.com, 2017) As of Jan 2017, there are 16 million active Face book users in Australia. Given the total national population of the country in 2017 was 24.3 million; approximately 65.8% of the Australian population is on Facebook. Apart from Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram have also rapidly increased their user base in Australia, 1 in every 5 Australian now use Instagram and 1 in every 6 Australian is an active user of Snapchat (Socialmedianews.com.au, 2017). Considering these statistics, the penetration of major social media in the Australian population can easily be surmised. Identifying the role of Social Media and Online Marketing Social media is considered an online application for online marketing and therefore hospitality brands seek to effectively utilise these platforms for building online communities consisting, loyal customers/consumers. As commented by Bowie et al. (2016, p.142), hospitality brands use social media platforms for two major purposes, a) building a new business model that incorporates a product-marketing channel and b) establishing a strong relationship with customers without encountering major obstacles in terms of time and place. Defining online community In context of hospitality industry, an online community can be defined as a group of people sharing their experiences through social media, expressing their opinions and providing necessary criticisms on services offered (Kim et al. 2015, p.170). Characteristics of online community From sociological perspective, Sigala et al. (2012, p.182) has characterised an online community through twelve elements. While the first six elements here highlight the need for individuals and the expectations of the communities, remaining six elements are associated with the success of community. Figure 3: Sociological Elements of an Online Community (Source: Sigala et al. 2012, p.183) Bowie et al. (2016, p.212) has characterised online community from operational as well as theoretical perspectives. From a theoretical perspective, core elements of an online community are the place, symbols and virtual. On another hand, operational characteristics here include a) people b) purpose and c) the policies. Figure 4: Reasons people visit online communities (Source: Bowie et al. 2016, p.210) Kim et al. (2015, p.170) have also characterised social media community through need of people to a) obtain information b) engage into transaction (economic and social) c) build new relationships and d) voice out opinions (positive and negative). Critically discussing the theories of social media marketing Participation of people in social media is contingent on shared purpose, characteristics and inherent purposes of the concerned communities. Therefore, participation of individuals on social media can be clearly underpinned through theoretical explanations. Economic theory Owing to the economic power and capability of affecting power relationships existing between marketers and customers, social media has gained significant popularity since its inception. From an economic perspective, marketers from hospitality industry perceive the entire population of a country as an aggregation of potential customers who can avail their offered services/products and thus benefit the respective organisations (Ng and Lien, 2015, p.668). In this context, resource-based model is an effective tool to understand the economic impact of social media on business. As mentioned by Sotiriadis and Van Zyl (2013, p.115), participants of social media generate consumer value when they are satisfied from the services offered and their gained benefits outweigh the expended resources. However, Kandampully et al. (2015, p.380) has criticised this economic perspective by pointing out that social media communities also have the power to relocate the balance of power from marketers to end customers thus sometimes consumer perception can determine the fate of a particular hospitality brand. Social Theory Two social theories namely social exchange theory and social identity theory are also applicable in this study for exploring the motivations of social media users and the impact of social media activities on the operation of hospitality industry. Figure 5: Social theories (Source: created by leaner) In the opinion of Sigala et al. (2012, p.177), social exchange theory emphasises on the mutually beneficial interactions taken place among people outcomes of which are beneficial for both involved parties. Guided by the expectation of receiving social rewards, individual continues to contribute to communities and they also expect reciprocal responses from other members of the community. These behaviours are utilised by social media communities created by hospitality brands by rewarding their members with different forms of gifts and rewards. However, Ng and Lien (2015, p.657) has pointed out that there is always a saturation point in terms of rewards and when that is reached, social media marketing cannot yield business growth anymore. Social identity theory helps to explain how individuals utilize their membership identities for obtaining respect and approval in the community. As per Lange-Faria and Elliot (2012, p.195), this theory encompasses cognitive, evaluative and affective elements. This element helps the marketers to create loyalty among their customers; lastly, the evaluative element assesses the value of an individual's membership in certain social community. Kim et al. (2015, p.167) has stated that when individuals perceive themselves as members of a specific community, they express loyalty to that specific community or brand and take active part in the activities initiated by the community. Zeng and Gerritsen (2014, p.28) has criticised effect of this theory by saying that at certain point of time it becomes virtually impossible for a marketer to acknowledge the identities of each and every member of the community and from such point of time deliberate negative opinions start to manifest. Critically evaluating methods of social media marketing Marketing through social media has immense influence on customers of hospitality industry and tactful marketing campaigns utilise this potent tool of digital world for their own benefit. As Bowie et al. (23016, p.177) have pointed out, today everyone has an opinion in almost every topic, and this is the particular spot where marketers of digital world have come to vendor their products or services, owing the growth of consumer culture both in Australia and all over the world. Barons and moguls of hospitality industry have ventured into social media for effectively increasing expanding their empire of business, through expensing comparatively lesser resources. Major methods of social media marketing, employed by such individuals include- Figure 6: Types of Social media marketing (Source: Created by leaner) Word-of Mouth (WOM) marketing - This type of marketing does not actually involve the direct participation of marketer, rather it is just the act of consumers broadcasting information about certain products or services to other customers. Sotiriadis and Van Zyl (2013, p.104) has mentioned that when people find a valid reason for talking about certain good and services, then involuntarily spread the information in the society. In this way, it becomes much easier for the marketer to let the goodwill take control of the marketing. Engagement marketing - the quest of every organisation runs in a cyclic process of acquiring new customers, growing lifetime value and converting them to advocates (Kandampully et al. 2015, p.380). However, in todays digital world, it has become increasingly hard to perform these tasks without encountering any hurdles. With the advent and commercial outbreak of social media, customer reality has undergone a rapid change, thus engineering a new market reality. In the new marketing reality, organisational power has shifted from sales to marketing and purchasing power now resides with buyers instead of seller. Leung et al. (2015, p.152) has defined engagement marketing as a special setup of marketing where people are engaged continuously as individuals, based on their needs, irrespective of their place and geographical position. Integrated campaigns - this type of marketing is an effective strategy where a specific brand can focus on the local communities and continuity to be benefited from the global corporate parent. eri? et al. (2014, p.150) has stated that such marketing offers a holistic approach in communication marketing and therefore ensures that consumers will engage with the marketer the way he wants to. As result, market gains better control through practicing integrated campaign. Despite the benefits received from integrated marketing, there are some downsides of it also. Leung et al. (2015, p.151) has argued that integrated social media marketing has the capability to contradict the brand messaging. Analysing the impact of social media marketing in hospitality industry Benefits Figure 7: Benefits of social media marketing in hospitality industry (Source: Created by leaner) With increasing usage of different social media marketing techniques and tools, Australian hospitality industry has experienced significant benefits from these activities. Firstly, guest booking experience has revolutionised owing to the use of social media. On a global perspective, roughly 148.3 million travel bookings are made annually through the internet, implying a staggering 557% of all travel bookings (Maxwell, 2017). Secondly, implementation of search engine optimisation (SEO) has enabled hotels and restaurants to source their customers from the locality and thus strengthen their foothold in the local market also. Thirdly, activity on the social media has enhanced the practice of destination marketing as people are more engaged in recommending and suggesting places to each other in online communities (Hays et al. 2013, p.215). Figure 8: Distribution of social media platform usage by businesses in Australia as of April 2016, by business size (Source: Statista.com, 2017 Limitations Despite benefits realised from the internet and social media marketing, marketers of hospitality insert should not redirect their customers to Facebook. In the opinion of Maxwell (2017), such act will prompt them to browse through their own notifications and thus jeopardize the entire motive of social media marketing. Another major drawback in this context is the negative word-of-mouth propagation. As Pfeffer et al. (2014, p.120) has pointed out, social media users are often found to creating online firestorms in response to any sensitive activity of incident. Gap in Literature One major gap identified in previous research is the exclusion of social factors in describing the impact of social media on the operation of social media. Despite the immense significance of social lamberts such as identity, interaction and group behaviour, previous research has overlooked this area for the sake of emphasizing only on the economic outcomes of social media activity. Therefore, the researcher has endeavoured to bridge this gap in the current study and thus produce a holistic approach on the research issue. Conclusion This chapter has presented a critical understanding of the literature associated with the role of social media marketing in hospitality industry. For this purpose, research has introduced the scope of social media marketing by defining the term online community' and explaining the characteristics of such communities in brief. After that, economic and social theories of social media marketing, along with their impact in hospitality industry have been penned down. Major methods of social media marketing have been outlined after that, following by benefits and negative impacts of social media marketing Reference list Cowling, D. (2017). Social Media Statistics Australia January 2017. SocialMediaNews.com.au, 1 February, [online], Available at: https://www.socialmedianews.com.au/social-media-statistics-australia-january-2017/ [Accessed 10 Aug 2017] Hays, S., Page, S.J. and Buhalis, D., (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.Current issues in Tourism,16(3), pp.211-239. Inversini, A. and Masiero, L., (2014). Selling rooms online: the use of social media and online travel agents.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,26(2), pp.272-292. Kim, W.G., Lim, H. and Brymer, R.A., (2015). The effectiveness of managing social media on hotel performance.International Journal of Hospitality Management,44, pp.165-171. Lange-Faria, W. and Elliot, S., (2012). Understanding the role of social media in destination marketing.Tourismos,7(1). Pp.193-211. Leung, D., Law, R., Van Hoof, H. and Buhalis, D., (2013). Social media in tourism and hospitality: A literature review.Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing,30(1-2), pp.3-22. Maxwell, T. (2017). Simplifying Digital Marketing For Hotels. Forbes, 1 June, [online], Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesagencycouncil/2017/06/01/simplifying-digital-marketing-for-hotels/#153f688c7b42 [Accessed 10 Aug 2017] Ng, E. and Lien, C.Y., 2015. Impact of social media in service innovations: An empirical study on the Australian hotel industry. InHospitality, Travel, and Tourism: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 656-671). Hershey: IGI Global. Pfeffer, J., Zorbach, T. and Carley, K.M., (2014). Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks.Journal of Marketing Communications,20(1-2), pp.117-128. Sigala, M., Christou, E. and Gretzel, U. eds., (2012).Social media in travel, tourism and hospitality: Theory, practice and cases. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Statista.com, (2017), Distribution of social media platform usage by businesses in Australia as of April 2016, by business size, Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/650805/australia-social-media-presence/ [Accessed 10 Aug 2017] Statista.com, (2017), Number of Facebook users in Australia from 2015 to 2022 (in millions), Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/304862/number-of-facebook-users-in-australia/ [Accessed 10 Aug 2017] Zeng, B. and Gerritsen, R., (2014). What do we know about social media in tourism? A review.Tourism Management Perspectives,10, pp.27-36.

Woman Writer Essays - Emotions, Personal Life,

Woman Writer The first story by Tamura Toshiko, "A Woman Writer" was incredibly upsetting. This intelligent, successful woman seems very unsatisfied and unhappy, though it would appear that she has everything that she could ever want. Looking deeper though, one sees her anguish in her marriage to a man who feels no emotion toward her, whether it be love or hate. All she receives is total indifference from this man who was her first love; a man she will always care for deeply. This void of emotion in her life has driven her into a severe writer's block, making her feel as though "no matter how hard she wrung (her brain), her bag of wits offered not so much as a single word that was alive not half a phrase that smelled of warm blood." (pg. 11) To be at a place in your life when you can't reach within yourself to find any inspiration except daydreams that do not fulfill your needs seems heartbreaking to me. The woman's use of powder also showed her displeasure with herself and the world around her. She could not be without this mask on her face, even in sleep. When she does not wear this white disguise "her emotions become jagged; she felt awful, unduly suspicious, and it showed in her expressions. Her mood deteriorated; she became sulky and lost all desire to be flirtatious." (pg. 12) She was a woman living in a world that was not reality, and she cannot express herself unless she is living in her fantasy. The problem that has occurred though, is that she is now unable to reach any of her emotions, even with her masks and temper tantrums. She finally starts to realize how truly discontented she is when she talks to her friend about each of their definitions of love. Though I don't necessarily agree with the writer's friend's conception of a true love without compromise, she does point out how easy it is to lose yourself in a relationship. The writer believes she is "worthless" in some way, and she accepts the pain her marriage has caused her. While accepting this she loses a sense of herself. Her friend however, on the contrary is willing to live apart from her lover because she will not give herself up for anything. She expresses this best by saying that "self is the art one creates....to live for the sake of one's art is, after all, to live for oneself." (pg. 16) The woman writer no longer knows herself, which is why she cannot write. She tries to find inspiration from others around her, whether they make her happy or miserable, and cannot remember how to dig into herself to break the terrible cycle she has found herself in. There is some hope however at the end when she reflects on the actress. This scene has brought her back to the fictional world. No longer is she dwelling on those around her, but looking inward at what she finds appealing. By delving into her desires, and not the desires or emotions of those around her she can hopefully find the motivation to write again. Through this writing with any luck, she will be able to find herself again.

Essay on Efficient Energy TransportationEssay Writing Service

Essay on Efficient Energy TransportationEssay Writing Service Essay on Efficient Energy Transportation Essay on Efficient Energy TransportationToday, the environment pollution is one of the major challenges to the world and well-developed nations, such as the US, confront the problem of the consistent deterioration of the environmental situation. In this regard, the transportation system is one of the major contributors to the deterioration of the environmental situation because vehicles are the major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, transportation is one of the major sources of the environment pollution. Hence, energy efficient transportation is the major way to decrease the environment pollution and the reduction of the fuel consumption can help to reduce the environment pollution. However, the improvement of the environmental situation involves not only technological changes but also the change of the transportation culture. In actuality, the US is still facing the problem of the poor fuel efficiency because of the traditional American transportation culture and the reduction of the fuel consumption can be achieved through the change of the transportation culture in the US along with legislative changes that will stimulate consumers and car manufacturing companies to purchase and manufacture fuel efficient vehicles respectively.At the moment, transportation contributes to over a quarter of energy consumption in the US. At the same time, transportation is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions that are the major source of pollution of air and environment. Fossil fuels used as the source of energy to fuel cars cause greenhouse gas emissions, which are the major source of air and environment pollution (Teisl, Rubin, Noblet, 2008). Fuel efficiency can minimize the consumption of fuel. This is why the energy efficient transportation involves the reduction of the fuel consumption.The public grows more and more concerned about the environment pollution because the deterioration of the environmental situation leads to the deteriorat ion of the public health and decline of the quality of life. The change of the public awareness is the result of the deterioration of the environment (Banerjee Solomon 2003). People grow more and more aware of the negative impact of greenhouse gas emissions not only on the environment but also on the health of people. However, this trend is relatively new and cannot overcome the traditional American transportation culture oriented on the use of large cars that are not fuel efficient.In addition, companies manufacturing cars tend to on the fuel efficiency to attract customers, while customers’ main driver to reduce fuel consumption and, therefore, greenhouse gas emissions is the growing price of gas. As a result, consumers prefer buying new cars, which are more fuel efficient than old ones and they prefer car models which are fuel efficient. In such a way, the consumer behavior influences policies conducted by car manufacturing companies. Car manufacturing companies attempt t o match customers’ expectations. The growing demand of consumers for fuel efficient vehicles encourages car manufacturing companies to shift toward the development of new, fuel efficient cars.At the same time, consumers, who are conscious of the negative impact of car use on the environment, tend to change their behavior preferring bicycles to their cars or using public transport instead of their cars. However, these consumers are quite a few compared to the large mass of consumers, who still use their cars. In fact, the US consumers still prefer to use their cars, instead of public transport or bicycles. Hypothetically, the shift from private cars toward the public transport and bicycles can change consistently the level of greenhouse gas emissions because this will lead to the consistent reduction of using private vehicles and, therefore, to the respective reduction of the fuel consumption that leads to greenhouse gas emissions. However, at the moment, Americans are not rea dy for the total shift from using private cars to using the public transport or bicycles.On the other hand, more and more consumers prefer car pooling to save their fuel and transportation costs. This trend contributes to the energy efficient transportation because car pooling reduces the number of cars used by consumers on the regular basis since vehicles normally carry five people and car pooling allows five persons to use one car instead of five ones. In actuality, this trend becomes more and more popular in the US because it is efficient financially and allows Americans save their money and their fuel but, at the same time, car pooling saves environment because reduces the number of private cars in use and, therefore, reduces greenhouse gas emissions from private cars.In actuality, there are several factors determining the consumer behavior and influencing their transportation habits. First, economic factors play the major part in changes of the consumer behavior. For example, t he economic recession of 2008 contributed to the consistent reduction of car use and overall drop of car sales in the US. The reduction of car sales was the result of the inability of Americans to purchase new cars and their desire to save money.Furthermore, the skyrocketing gas price stimulated consumers either refuse from using their cars and shift to the public transport or bicycles, or change their cars and purchase more fuel efficient cars, on the one hand, and sell their old, less fuel efficient cars instead. In addition, Americans just refused from the frequent use of their cars because they could not afford buying gas at the high price. This is why the overall reduction of car sales and use of cars caused by economic reasons resulted in the overall decline of greenhouse gas emissions caused by the US transportation.Moreover, the economic recession and high gas prices encouraged car manufacturers to focus on the production of fuel efficient cars and introduce hybrid cars, whi ch use alternative fuels along with gas or alternative fuels alone. In fact, car manufacturers responded to the change in the customer behavior (O’Gallachoir, Howley, Cunningham, Bazilian, 2009). The economic background was the major reason for such a shift and car manufacturers just attempted to keep their cars selling. This is why fuel efficient cars were just the marketing tool that could attract customers and make them buying new cars.On the other hand, the economic recovery has contributed to the rise of car sales, wider use of cars, and the overall return of car manufacturers for the production of less fuel efficient, large cars instead of small and more fuel efficient ones. 2013 marked the consistent growth of car sales compared to 2008 that reveals the fact that the improvement of the economic situation contributes to the increase of car use and fuel consumption.Another important factor that contributes to the energy efficient transportation in the US is the transpor tation culture. To put it more precisely, the individual use of private cars is the distinct feature of the US transportation culture (Hensher, 2007). Moreover, Americans are accustomed to use large cars, which are not fuel efficient. For example, Americans tend to use large cars and disregard their fuel efficiency, while Europeans tend to buy small cars, which are suitable for driving in European cities with narrow streets and are more fuel efficient compared to American cars (De Witte, Macharis Mairesse, 2008). Therefore, the American transportation culture tends to disregard fuel efficiency.  In response to the growing public pressure, the US authorities, including the US Department of Energy, attempt to develop policies aiming at the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions along with the reduction of fossil fuel consumption. At the moment, the US authorities focus on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the energy efficiency by means of the introduction of e nergy efficient policies in all industries. In this regard, transportation plays an important part in the reduction of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the government focuses on the commercial transport mainly to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the US government stimulates the reduction of the fuel consumption by commercial vehicles offering recommendations contributing to the higher fuel efficiency along with the Department of Energy regulations that help to minimize the fuel consumption by commercial vehicles.Thus, the US is still the country, where the efficient energy transportation is rather a future opportunity than a part of the present life. In spite of the growing consciousness of Americans of the negative impact of greenhouse gas emissions caused by their cars on their environment and health along with efforts of the government to encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by transport, Americans still prefer using their priv ate cars, instead of using the public transport or bicycles.

Torts law problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Torts law problem - Essay Example Based on this certificate, Rhett purchased the land. Later on when Rhett submitted his plans for construction of a residential subdivision, the Council rejected the proposal, on account of flood risk. Due to the refusal, and no other recourse left with Rhett, he had to sell his land to a local farmer at a substantial loss. Now from the facts above, it is quite clear that, there was injustice meted out to Rhett. Now, the problem that Rhett is facing has a solution in Law of Torts. Law of Torts is the field of law which deals civil harms that may be caused to a person. The concept of negligence is integral to the Law of Torts. The definition of negligence under tort law states that, â€Å"the breach of a legal duty to take care, resulting in damage to the claimant which was not desired by the defendant† [L.B. Curzon, Dictionary of Law]. Another popular definition states that, â€Å"Negligence is the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided upon those consideratio ns which ordinarily regulate the conduct of human affairs, would do, or doing something which a prudent and reasonable man would not do.† [Per Alderson B., Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co. (1856)]. From Lord Curzon’s definition, we understand that there are three important aspects to prove negligence, one being ‘legal duty to take care’, ‘breach of duty of care’ and the third one being ‘damages’. We will first understand the three ingredients of negligence, and then go on to observe whether the problem at hand actually amounts to negligence, and if so, what the recourse that Rhett has is in this given scenario. Now the duty of care essentially means that, every person owes a duty not to harm their neighbour, and reasonably foresee, whether there action may cause to the person. This principle was laid down in the landmark judgement of Donahue v Stevenson. Further in Capro v. Dickman, their primary components of Duty of Care were la id down. The judgement said that Harm must be (1) reasonably foreseeable (2) there must be a relationship of proximity between the plaintiff and defendant and (3) it must be 'fair, just and reasonable' to impose liability. Now as goes for the ‘first component’, we have to determine whether the Council clerk could reasonably foresee the harm he was about to cause Rhett. In this scenario, it can be reasonably assumed that the clerk knew that the whole and sole responsibility of running the background check on the said property was on him. He was also aware that, if there was any irregularity in the records, it was his duty to point out the Scarlette. Failure to do so, would result in great harm to the buyer of the land, as the buyer was solely depending upon the background check of the Council. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that, the clerk was in a position to ascertain the kind of harm he would cause if he did not take the proper steps to give the proper backgrou nd check on the aforesaid land. So we are sure, that the first ground of Duty of Care exists. Moving on to the ‘second component’, i.e. the relationship of proximity between the plaintiff and the defendant. There was a definite relationship between Rhett and the Council clerk. Rhett had approached the Council clerk, to provide him with the background check on the said land. Therefore, Rhett was expecting the clerk to carry out his duties rightfully and perform the check for him. It was the clerk’

Religious Field Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religious Field - Research Paper Example However, the research study indicates that many of the Japanese are members of the Shinto cult, and it has become one of the most powerful religious cults in nationwide with many religious believers. The Shinto has their own valuable books that include the Nihongi, which is the Japanese chronicles, and the Kojiki, which is the ancient events chronicles. Shinto, an indigenous faith of the Japanese people remains their main religious conviction beside Buddhism. Thus, the research paper analyzes the way different religious beliefs and practices may contribute to misconceptions, therefore, indicating the way to overcome such misconceptions. Shinto, unlike other religious cults, is one of the religious beliefs and practices, which may be possible to follow. The needs and traditional practices of Shinto rather than Shinto doctrines determine their practices. The Shinto practices takes into considerations four significant aspects including Kami as the integral part for love of nature, purif ication rites or physical cleanliness, tradition and family as well as festival and ceremonies. The Shinto believers have some aspects, which are similar to Buddhism, hence becoming easier for anyone from Buddhist to join and follow their aspects easily. This is because some practices such as death rituals are similar to Buddhist people, but Shinto focus mostly on live events such as honoring Kami, birth and marriage (Kallen, 2002). They have permanent areas for worshipping their Kami that are in the form, of shrines, vast complexes and each of them operates differently from one another. The priesthood in Shinto is taken as a family affair; thus, it passed from parents to their siblings. The people in each shrine dedicate themselves to Kami. The Shinto religious believers’ value varied Shinto texts, which contain the legends and historical events based upon their religion instead of being Holy Scriptures. Some of the Shinto texts are the Jinno Shotoki, Kojiki, the text for re cords of issues in the ancient times, Nihongi, Rokkokushi and many others. This books or Shinto texts create a misunderstanding with other religious beliefs and practices. This is because of the way they present their Shinto practices and their beliefs upon the creation of Japanese. The two significant and valued texts include the Kojiki and Nihongi, which provides the legendary stories about the creation or the existence of the Japanese into their being. The two books explain the way Kami (Shinto gods) created the ancient Japanese (Littleton 2002, p. 34). They reveal about the male and female who-invites (Izanagi and Izanami) respectively and the way they gave birth to the Japanese land. After the death of Izanami, Izanagi made a journey find her, but he found the maggot crawling with her decayed body. The Izanagi fled back to the living land being horrified, and he entered inside the water in order to purify himself. In the process of purification, the Izanagi encountered with the Sun Goddess, who is the greatest Kami while washing the left eye side (Kasulis, 2004). When he started washing the right one, the Moon Kami appeared to him. The Izanagi struggled to maintain peace in the land for many decades, but the Sun Goddess decided to send to them the grandson, Ninigi as their king to govern them (Bowker, 2012). This reveals the way Shinto is unique from other religious scriptures across the globe. For instance, the Christian texts explain the creation story of Adam and Eve

Response Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Response - Article Example In fact, besides cleaning, washing, cooking, child care and teaching, meticulous economists consider that a woman works as a private economist-accountant; in addition she gives first aid, care and psychological support for sick family members at the level of nurses. But always it is taken for granted. The reason for such existing underestimation of women’s labor author sees in difficulty of its treating from the standpoint of price. The concept of the value, firstly distinguished in relation to the market by Adam Smith, comes to be far from â€Å"moral† value expression. Thus, â€Å"value† comes to be only the price one can get for goods and services distribution. So women turn to be a kind of nature resources which worthless when preserved to future generations and only their use establish their validity. Both environment and women’s household labor are constituted to be free gift of nature and their preservation may be considered only as a cost. Women are seen to be â€Å"economically inactive†, though their housework is implicitly taxed by not being valued. Thus, the problem comes when women’s everyday work is not recognized in the distribution of benefits. Though money payments are not necessary for the work to be done, when work becomes a concept in institutionalized economics payment should inevitably enter the picture, as â€Å"money should change hands†. Thus it proves that women are being totally ignored as creators of wealth, though for ages they’ve been at least cultural wealth accumulators. But while women cannot exchange their family production on the market, they make no use of own labor power. The other problem women just came conscious about is that they are being seen just as instruments of economic system, though any time women need convincing about the necessity of household work. The solution of this problem may be seen (at least from V. Lenin’s point of view) in involvement of women into social production. However, from my point

Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol (GCDPP)

Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol (GCDPP) 1.0 Introduction The construction industry is a large and complex industry comprising many types and sizes of organizations and a diverse range of professionals and other representative bodies. Consequently, the biggest problem is conflicts in the industry between both clients and contractors and the contractors and their sub contractors (Cooke and Williams, 2009). This most often is as a result of non-clarification of roles or breach of the contract procedures by one of the parties because of lack of communication and co-ordination. Poor productivity and quality within the industry have also been attributed to lack of advance management of the processes by both Latham (1994) and Egan (1998). Professional bodies have therefore introduced various plans of work as attempts to facilitates processes within the industry. In this report, the updated RIBA plan of work which was designed by British architects was employed to plan the execution of a project (CTG) from appraisal to completion. Alternative maps for the same project were produced using the Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol (GCDPP) which was developed in 1995 in other to identify the potential benefits and problems that might be encountered in the use of the process protocol. 2.0 Current plan of work 2.1 Context The Department of Business Innovation and Skills (DBIS) intends to construct a new project, Centre for Technology in Government (CTG), which is a 250,000 square feet facility built to house world class super computers and nuclear weapons design staff. The building site is located in Liverpool, UK and the allowed budget for the project is ÂÂ £50,000,000. The client had explicit goals and therefore appointed a cross-functional team from the start to translate the needs into a design brief. The cross-functional team, after the conceptual design stage, identified various functional and operational requirements (FORs) which were grouped by room type. These FORs became the basis for requests of proposals that resulted in design and build contract 2.2 Procurement method It is important to briefly explain the procurement method used to execute the CTG project because the procurement method and type of contract employed will have implications on the plan of work (Clamp et al, 2007 p 32). Single stage tender (assumption) design and build contract was used; the client, DBIS selected CTG to execute the project because of the business relationship they shared as well as the fact that, the constructor was needed at the design stage to give advice on the constructional method and buildability of the concepts. The client-led design ended at the conceptual stage (RIBA stage C) and the contractor was therefore provided with conceptual designs. 2.3 RIBA Plan of Work The Plan of Work (RIBA, 1997) was originally published in 1963 as a standard method of operation for the construction of buildings, and it has become widely accepted as the operational model throughout the building industry (Kagioglou et al, 1998). It was developed from the view point of the architect to provide a frame work for a standardised method of operation for the design, construction and management of buildings (Poon et al, 2003). This plan of work was developed to meet the needs of the traditional forms of contract and breaks down the entire construction into 5 key stages. There key stages are further broken down into 11 sub-processes as shown below 2.4 RIBA plan of work in GC Ltd There is, however, a slight variation to the work stages primarily because of the procurement method (Design and Build) used. This is because the cross functional team assembled by the client produces conceptual designs that were grouped into FORs which formed the basis of the request for proposals. Detailed designs (RIBA stage D) and technical designs stage (RIBA stage E) were produced by the contractor before tender action while production information stage (RIBA stage F) proceeded after mobilisation stage (RIBA stage J). Figure 2.1 shows the plan of work used in executing the project from the perspective of the constructors which is seen to differ slightly from the plan of work in appendix 1 Figure 2.1 Adoption of RIBA plan of work for Contractor Appendix 2 shows the detailed mapping of each of the above sub processes. 2.4.1 Preparation As a constructor, the first stage of involvement was to review the employers (Department for business innovation and skills) conceptual requirement that has already been identified with the cross-functional team. The constructor (GG ltd) receives the conceptual brief containing the FORs by room type and also confirming key requirements and constraints as well as the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations. The in-house quality management procedures that will be applied on the project is determined. These culminate into the contractors brief. Since GC ltd already has an in- house design team, they assist in the preparation of the contractors brief. The construction company at this stage appoints one of its in-house staff to act as the CDM co-ordinator. During the review, some questions may arise, especially concerning site conditions and operational hazards. It is the responsibility of the contractor to provide all such information to the design team and the CDM co-ordinator. The design team advises on the need for additional consultants for the project. Documents that will accompany the tender submission are identified and the pre-tender programme drawn up. This process in mapped out in detail in appendix 2. 2.4.2 Design development Once the conceptual designs are fully reviewed and understood by the contractor and his team, he authorizes the final layouts. The design team then develops the project brief into developed designs including, the structural elements, the services systems and the general architectural layout. The initial cost plan is updated and the CDM co-ordinator ensures that all health and safety regulation have been considered at this stage. 2.4.3 Technical design This is the last stage of design development before production information is prepared. The detailed designs are produced and all approvals obtained including that of building regulations. The health and safety file is updated by the CDM co-ordinator and the cost plans and cash flows also updated by the quantity surveyor. The stage D report will form the basis of the tender documents. This process in mapped out in detail in appendix 2. 2.4.5 Tender action Once the detailed developments are obtained, the contractor with the CDM co-ordinator prepares the draft initial construction phase plan. The quantity surveyor advises on the preliminaries, the contingencies and the work sequences and proceeds to prepare the contract sum analysis. The CDM co-ordinator, the quantity surveyor and the other design team members contribute to the stage report prepared by the lead consultant. The report includes all the documents intended to be used for tendering. The contractor checks the report to ensure compliance and the tender documents are submitted. The submitted tender documents are evaluated by the employers agent and any queries responded to by the contractor and his team. Once the contract is awarded to the winning firm (GC Ltd), there is negotiation between the employers agent and the contractor before final adjustments are agreed. 2.4.6 Mobilization The employers agent confirms to the client that the contractor (GC ltd) has been duly selected. The contractor is then appointed and the tender documents become the contract documents with certified copies sent to the contractor. His insurances for the project are checked by the employers agent. The site is handed over the contractor and he proceeds to develop his initial construction phase plan with his team and the CDM co-ordinator. Statutory approvals and other detailed planning permission are also obtained. 2.4.7 Production Information The final proposals are translated into precise technical instruction for pricing and construction purposes, which is the preparation of detailed drawings, schedules and specifications. The health and safety file is finally updated by the CDM co-ordinator. The contractor, the design team the quantity surveyor and the CDM co-ordinator reviews all process to ensure compliance with brief and procedures. 2.4.8 Construction This is where actual construction of the CTG building takes place in accordance with contract agreements. Further information is supplied to the contractor as and when deemed necessary. At this stage the contractor, his team and sub contractors are typically involved. 2.4.9 Rectification period After construction to practical completion, final inspections are done and the project is handed over. The contract document allows the contractor to be paid half the amount in the final certificate with the other half released after a predetermined period (6 months), defects liability period. Within which all faults and problems are corrected by the contractor. 2.5 Appraisal of RIBA in CTG project The RIBA plan of work was one of the first expressions of building process by members of the building team (Poon et al, 2003) and has been tried, tested and accepted. It has been widely adopted as the basis of calculating consultants fees as well as gives a vivid description of work stages (Clamp et al, 2007). Adopting design and build as procurement route while employing the RIBA plan of work in the CTG project resulted in hybrid process which improves the plan of work especially in the area of flexibility and eliminates sequential flows which, Sheath et al (1996) argues that, have caused problems of fragmentation and poor co-ordination between project team members. CTG, as a project that will house the designing and testing of nuclear weapons, it requires the involvement of all major stakeholders, as such the client, DBIS assembled a cross-functional team including the contractor, in order to better identify his needs and requirements and identify any possible constraints on development and eventually produce a holistic brief. The adoption of the cross-functional team approach had the advantage of improving co-ordination and communication from the design stage throughout to the project (Kagioglou et al, 1998). It was also necessary to involve the constructors early in the design phase in order to eliminate any claims and counter claims for costs, quality and time between the various parties of the contract (Gunaskaran and Love, 1998). This will ensure buildability and reduce the incident of rework and waste in the design process and construction process. Having established the cross-functional team, weekly meetings were held to review all aspec ts of the design. Since it is a single stage tender, it became the responsibility of the contractor to produce the developed designs and technical designs prior to tender action. In order to facilitate the continuous review of the design by the cross-functional team, the contractor broke the technical design into mini phases as follows; all layouts and setting outs, pile caps and ground beams, structural steel work, substructure, super structure, detailed security services and services systems. There were series of reviews and the final review was during the tender action. Once the contract was signed and mobilisation got underway, the production information was produced concurrently. Construction commenced immediately mobilisation is complete. Daily visits by the cross functional team ensured co-ordination and team work all through the construction. RIBA plan of work guarantees flexibility in the basic outline, in that it can be modified to suit any form of procurement used by simply re-arranging the sub processes (Clamp et al, 2007). The RIBA plan of work, 2007 appears to be very elaborate an simple to understand and use because it maps out the main process at the higher level indicating the sub processes and the outputs at each stage. The details of the sub processes can also be mapped out indicating the activities involved and the parties responsible for those activities. Finally the adoption of the design and build and employing a cross-functional team ensures better understanding of requirements, better translation to drawings, more effective and efficient construction process devoid of any conflicts and unnecessary variations eventually leading to a satisfied client and a satisfied contractor. In every building contract there is some degree of risk (Clamp et al, 2007). Balance of speculative risk will lie almost wholly with the CTG contractor in this project with the client bearing the conceptual risk which involves matters that are key to operational efficiency such as scheme. All the major disadvantages that have been associated with RIBA; linear fashion (Jamieson, 1997; Cooper et al, 2004), lack co-ordination and communication (Sheath at al 1996, Kagioglou et al, 1998), buildability issues and biasness towards the architect (Poon et al, 2003) have been catered for by the adoption of the design and build procurement system as well as the introduction of the cross functional team (including the contractor) at the very beginning of the CTG project. However there are still a number of issues that remains unresolved and primary among them is the absence of a mechanism to transfer all the knowledge that will be shared by the entire CTG project team to similar projects in the future because both success and failure can offer important lessons for the future (Kagioglou et al, 2000). Finally, throughout the entire project, subcontractor and suppliers are only involved from the mobilisation stage (RIBA J) 3.0 The Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol 3.1 Background The Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol (GDCPP) was funded by the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) under the Innovative Manufacturing Initiate (IMI) and undertook by the University of Salford with a leading number of industrial partners, including clients, architects, contractors, subcontractors, consultants, suppliers and IT specialists during 1995-98 (Lee et al, 2000). The main aim of this project was to develop a Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol for the construction industry by considering the lessons learnt through a number of decades in manufacturing New Product Development (NPD). This was achieved by comprehensive reviews of the construction and manufacturing industries, interactive workshops with the project industrial partners, case studies in the manufacturing and construction industry and other research and data collection tools and techniques (Aouad et al, 1999). There are eight key principles involved in process protocol for process as follows which are originated from manufacturing process. Whole Project view, a consistent Process, Progressive Design Fixity, Co ordination, Stakeholder Involvement team work, Feedback, Process Flexibility, Customisable Process. (www.processprotocol.com). The model identifies the various activities involved in the complete execution of the project as well as the responsible parties produced on a horizontal- X and vertical Y axis respectively resulting in a form of a responsibility matrix. The parties responsible for activity within each phase can be a single person, a firm or a complex network of people (depending on the size of the project) who have been grouped in to activity zones. Consequently, eight (8) activity zones have been identified by the model and are listed below Development Management Project Management Resource Management Design Management Production Management Facilities Management Health Safety, Statutory legal Management Process Management Change Management The design and construction process (X- axis) have been broken down into 10 distinct phases. These 10 phases are grouped into 4 broad stages: Pre-Project, Pre-Construction, Construction and Post-Construction. (www.processprotocol.com). These 4 stages are briefly explained below 3.2 Pre-Project Stage The Pre-Project Phases (0-3) relate to the strategic business considerations of any potential project which aims to address a clients need. Throughout the Pre-Project Phases the clients need is progressively defined and assessed with the aim of: Determining the need for a construction project solution, and Securing outline financial authority to proceed to the Pre-Construction Phases (Cooper et al, 2005 p 76) These phases have been mapped out in detail in appendix 4 Phase zero: Demonstrating the Need Phase one: Conception of Need Phase two: Outline Feasibility Phase three: Substantive Feasibility Study Outline Financial Authority 3.3 Pre-Construction Stage At this stage (4-6), the defined clients need is developed into an appropriate design solution through a logical sequence, with the aim of delivering approved production information (Cooper et al, 2005 p78) These phases are listed below have been mapped out in detail in appendix 4 Phase four: Outline Conceptual Design Phase five: Full Conceptual Design Phase six: Coordinated design, Procurement Full Financial Authority 3.4 Construction Stage The Construction Phases (7-8) is solely concerned with the production of the project solution. It is here that the full benefits of the co-ordination and communication earlier in the Process may be fully realised. Potentially, any changes in the clients requirements will be minimal, as the increased cost of change as the design progresses should be fully understood by the time on-site construction work begins (Cooper et al, 2005 p78). The phases involved are listed below. Refer to appendix 4 for detailed maps Phase seven: Production Information Phase eight: Construction 3.5 Post-Construction Stage Upon completion of the Construction Phase, the Process Protocol continues into the Post-Construction phases which aim to continually monitor and manage the maintenance needs of the constructed facility (Cooper et al, 2005 p 80). This is the last phase of the model Phase 9: Operation Maintenance 3.6 Gates There are gates (soft and hard) in between the phases mentioned above. Soft gates are review points during the process which require a decision to be made, but does not require the temporary overhaul of the whole project until a decision to proceed is made. They enable concurrency while hard gates are review points during the process which may require the temporary overhaul of the project until a decision to proceed is made. (www.processprotocol.com). 3.7 Applying the GDCPP to the CTG project The backgrounds of the construction parties are very variant and they therefore have varying skills, it is therefore critical that parties understand and appreciate the interdependence and responsibilities of one another (Poon et al, 2003). However contract-led restrictions of previous models have prevented the involvement of the various parties in the early stages of the project life (Cooper et al, 2005). The GDCPP aims to improve co-ordination of the entire design and construction process (Lee et al, 2000) and try to address the key areas of the process that have been identified for improvement. The first benefit of adopting the GDCPP in the CTG project in that, it extends the recognized construction industrys involvement beyond completion (cooper et al, 2005) and therefore covers the entire lifespan of the project as can be seen in appendices 3 and 4. This will increase the commitments of all parties to the contract especially the contactor and the sub contractors as they continue to bear some contractual risks within the project even after practical completion. Moreover, risk and value management starts right at the beginning of the project and runs through all the phases as can be seen in appendix 3 and in more detail in appendix 4. This has been absent from the RIBA plan of work. Since the client, the cross-functional team, contractors, subcontractors and suppliers are involved at an early stage, there will therefore be a complete identification of all possible risks and hence an early adoption of strategies to mitigate them. With a project of CTGs nature, variation of requirements at any stage will have serious cost implications on the project, as such the introduction of phase reviews (as can be seen on appendix 3) which aim at reviewing work in each phase and approving progress to the next stage while employing the hard or soft gates is an added advantage. This will assure high quality of work performance (Kagioglou et al, 1998). The backbone of the successful execution of the CTG project will be a good relationship between parties (Jamieson, 1997; Cooper et al, 2005). More often than not, problems have ranged from litigation, lack of trust, lack of communication and lack of knowledge sharing between parties as they have perhaps never worked together probably will never do again (Lee et al, 2000). Therefore the involvement of all stakeholders and using strategic partnering arrangements will allow involvement of all parties from the requirements capture phase as shown on appendix 3 and this fosters a te am environment and encourages appropriate and timely communication and decision making (Lee et al 2000) and because stakeholders are identified, their responsibilities will be explicitly identified. Feedback is an important concept which aims to regulate and improve performance (Poon et al, 2003). The inclusion of the legacy archive with the process protocol is an added advantage. It gives the players within the industry an opportunity to draw from the success or failures of past projects upon which the current or future projects. Furthermore, the adoption of standardised deliverables assist in smooth project delivery as every team knows what is to be produced and at what stage. This is the only way continuous improvement can be sustained. However, the first problem that will come to the mind of members of the construction industry is the extent of involvement of IT in the process. Poon et al (2003) argue that, apart from describing the activities in the map, it is also necessary to use multiple computing skills, which include electronic data interchange, artificial intelligence, integrated databases, inter/intranet application and document management systems in order to analyse activities. The whole set of activities might seem cumbersome and too complicated for non-computer literate users. The roles of the process management and change management activity zones seem to lean much toward the activities and roles of the project manager within the context of construction. Therefore, there could be conflict of responsibilities within these activity zones as they operate within the project. This is the case because of the fundamental difference between construction and manufacturing in relation to the product, the processes and the tracking of changes that occur. Though the process protocol is generic and has the advantage of flexibility, it is quite difficult to fit the protocol into an ongoing project because it has its own definitions and terminologies which could possibly result in confusion if blended with the terminology of the one going project. 4. 0 Production activities An activity is a well defined task in a project which usually requires a certain amount of time to complete and absorbs a portion of the projects financial budget (Waller, 2002). In the CTG project, there are many production activities, however, casting the foundation have been chosen for appraisal 4.1 Casting the foundation A cross functional process map shown in appendix 5 is used to depict how a typical foundation slab within the CTG project is cast indicating the processes cutting across several functions. According to the transformation theory, the emphasis is on the translation of the concrete into the foundation and slab (Koskela, 2000). However, in order to ensure the foundation is cast according to the drawings, checking/inspection is done intermittently as can be seen on the map, this brings us to the flow model: there are waiting, inspection and moving together with the transformations (Koskela, 2000). This is so because, once the formwork in place and the foundation is cast, it has to be inspected. As depicted on the map there are such inspections which involve, waiting and moving as the entire foundation is cast. The effect of these is the eventual extension to the time required to execute the particular operation. There are some non value-adding activities that are important, an example being the time allowed for the concrete to harden before the forms are struck and preparation of the excavated surfaces after excavation. There are other non-value adding activities that need to eliminate an example being the time spent in undertaking all these inspections. In order to improve the efficiency of this process, focus should be on the elimination to the non-value adding processes. 5.0 Conclusion The RIBA plan of work still has its advantage of simplicity and adaptability to various procurement methods. However the GDCPP proves to be more holistic in its approach towards customer satisfaction. The GDCPP is easily adopted in the CTG project primarily because of the size and complexity of the project. The cost that may be incurred through implementation of the protocol will be offset in the communication, co-ordination and team work which will eventually be created. This may however not be the case in relatively smaller projects. The introduction and sustenance of the protocol will fail due to poor process change within companies and will even fail more should managements try to adopt shortcuts by expecting individual workers to execute new working practices without training. Effective implementation and adoption of the protocol requires continuous training and education. This training needs to start from management level down to the last worker.

The Relationship Between John Proctor and Elizabeth in Arthur Millers

The Relationship Between John Proctor and Elizabeth in Arthur Miller's The Crucible The Crucible was written by Arthur Miller in 1952. It gives an insight into the terror of the Salem witch trials of 1692. Many innocent people were accused of witchcraft; plotting against God, killing people by using magic, taking over a person's mind and binding with the Devil. These were very religious times and any little hiccup in one's behaviour can give reason that one has been taking part in witchcraft. For example, John Proctor occasionally ploughs his field on a Sunday which is not strictly correct Christian behaviour and leads the prosecutors to think that Proctor is linked with the Devil. The Crucible is also a metaphor for McCarthyism in America in the 1950s. Many American people were questioned because they were suspected of being an, 'Un-American', or threatening the safety of the state. This questioning soon turned into a modern day witch-hunt. If anyone even criticised the government they were worthy to be questioned. In both cases the policy, 'guilty until proven innocent' seemed to apply, completely opposite to the justice system of today. In the beginning of Act II there is definite tension between Proctor and Elizabeth. Elizabeth's first line when she sees Proctor is, 'What keeps you so late? It's almost dark.' She does not greet him with warmth and love but with a hint of suspicion aroused from Proctor's recent affair with Abigail Williams. As the conversation carries on Elizabeth is very controlled with what she says. For example, Proctor says to her, 'Are you well today?' and she replies, 'I am.' It seems quite unnatural an... ... can't bring himself to confess to lies and when he heads off to be executed he exchanges a passionate kiss with Elizabeth. It shows the build up of emotion and an audience can see the strong love between the two of them. If you were to only see an extract from Act II you would think that Elizabeth and Proctor were an unloving and broken couple. But now their interactions are completely different, they show love, need and compassion for each other. The final line, said by Elizabeth, is, 'He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him.' She knows he is a good man and that he is doing the right thing for himself. Although they have to part, at least their relationship has been healed and Proctor can die knowing that Elizabeth loves him and has forgiven him; and Elizabeth knows that Proctor still loves her.

Society at Home

Bonnie Fellhoelter Paola Brown English 102 17 March 2008 Argument Paper â€Å"Are you hot? Are you cold? Are you wearing that? Where’s your books and your lunch and your homework at? Grab your coat and your gloves and your scarf and hat. Don’t forget; you got to feed the cat! † (1) Anita Renfroe wrote these catchy words for the song â€Å"Momisms†, sung to the familiar tune of the William Tell Overture. Her words best describe a typical day of mayhem through the eyes of a mother. Mothers who stay at home know that at times, their lives can be discombobulating. Despite the chaos, stay-at-home mothers get the tremendous responsibility of only having one chance of raising their children in such a way that makes a difference in their children’s lives and in society. Throughout history, society has looked upon the male as the breadwinner: the one expected to work and support the family. The mother has been viewed as the nurturer: the one to stay home and raise the children. During the 1960’s, women wanted more rights, power, and the ability to get higher paying jobs. Women were given this right so they expressed this new found freedom by going to work outside of the home. As women sought employment, their children were left to the care of babysitters and day care workers. Because society has redefined the role of a mother to be one who is an important element in the workforce, the loss of the mother in the home has led to the Fellhoelter 2 decline of the family unit, and thus, to society. This forfeiture has created a generation for whom social morals and values are not as important as they once were. Perhaps this is due to a working mother being absent from the home where she is unable to personally instill these ethical standards in her children, thus leaving her children to receive their value system from strangers. â€Å"Society truly does begin at home†, asserts Sibyl Niemann, so, in order to return to a culture with better morals and values, the importance of the role of the stay at home mother should be restored. (2) In this way, stay at home mothers can improve society. It is disappointing when mothers are devalued for staying at home to raise their children. Richard Lowry states, â€Å"There is something valuable in a mother’s caring for her own child. † (4) In general, no one can take care of your child in the same way his or her mother would. A mother’s care is usually superior to daycare since she naturally wants what is best for her child. â€Å"According to a non-partisan Public Agenda survey in 2000, roughly 80 percent of parents with children five and younger say a stay-at-home parent is best able to give children the â€Å"affection and attention they need. †Ã¢â‚¬  (qtd. n Lowry 4) A mother’s individual care can also curb the aggression that is evident in day care centers. â€Å"A study done by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), reports that, kids in non-maternal care tend to be associated with qualities such as â€Å"gets in lots of fights,† â€Å"cruelty,† â€Å"explosive behavior,† â€Å"talking too much,† â€Å"argues a lot,à ¢â‚¬  and â€Å"demands a lot of attention. †Ã¢â‚¬  (qtd. in Lowry 1) Teachers who work in a preschool environment, like my daughter, are frustrated with how badly the children usually behave. Workers in day care are governed by strict rules which prevent Fellhoelter 3 disciplining children the way one can do at home. This causes a disregard and loss of respect for others because many children grow up thinking they can do what they want. Today, many of the younger generation act like they are owed something. In the workplace, it is shocking to see the way they treat others with their degrading manners and think there is nothing wrong with their behavior. They also tend to have lazy work ethics and â€Å"cop an attitude† when asked to do anything extra. This makes it difficult for many employers to find hard working and respectful employees. It is important to note that not all children in daycare grow up to be aggressive and unproductive adults. Even though many women in the work force find raising children to be a very difficult task which leaves them feeling lonely and bored, they do a fine job of balancing their jobs with raising successful children. These women enjoy being able to show their children the advantages of working outside of the home. They are able to â€Å"teach their children how to be independent, inquisitive, and ambitious†, as well as â€Å"learn the value of personal fulfillment and goal setting. † (Karaim 1) Reed Karaim also proclaims that, â€Å"successful working mothers give their children one of the best gifts any parent can: the example of a life lived to its potential. † (3) I think that all of these examples are helpful in raising successful children, however, I believe a stay at home mom can also teach these same qualities in the home. I know this to be true because I was fortunate to remain at home and raise my children. I was the one who was the nurturer and demonstrated love and compassion to my children by hugging, cuddling, and kissing them. I was personally involved in teaching them throughout all the stages of development and shared in the joy of my children’s accomplishments. There is something special about hearing your child’s first word and watching them take their first Fellhoelter 4 step as they giggle with glee. I was able to mold my children’s character by instilling good values and morals that taught them to be independent and set goals for themselves, such as being on time for work and appointments. These attributes have helped to contribute to society in a positive way and leave me feeling as if I have done a good job. Despite the seemingly successful results of a stay at home mom’s efforts, â€Å"our culture no longer values the household supported by a sole breadwinner. † (Niemann 3) This is demonstrated by the many women who currently do work outside of the home because they feel the need to contribute to their families’ well being. According to Niemann, â€Å"everything—from buying a house to applying for a college loan for one’s son or daughter—seems structured around the two income family. (3) A household that has a dual income helps â€Å"boost many families into middle class. †, says Karaim. (2) This allows their children to experience the comforts, options for education and opportunities that they might otherwise not have had. As tempting as this extra income may be, couples should be careful that this does not impact t heir relationship as husband and wife. When spouses compete for power in the workforce and then return home too tired to deal with the many needs of their children, the harmony of the family unit can suffer. This is because husbands often feel threatened by the success of their wives. Steven Rhoads claims that â€Å"men are more likely to divorce women who are ambitious. † (5) Lowry explains that â€Å"just the specter of divorce creates a kind of intra-marital arms race. The wife works to hedge against getting abandoned, but her very act of working, research shows, makes it more likely that the marriage will fail—a dismaying downward spiral. † (3) Since divorces negatively impact society, we should refocus on preserving marriage and on strengthening the family unit. Fellhoelter 5 When men and women are happy and comfortable in their roles as the fatherbreadwinner, and mother-caregiver, marriages can thrive. Women who do remain at home should not hide behind their children or husbands but instead should be proud of their role. They should be vocal about how productive they are with their children and family. This allows working women and men to see and appreciate the importance of the role of a stay at home mom. Perhaps they will see for themselves the advantages of remaining at home and raising their children. According to Lowry, â€Å"most women would like to stay home and care for their children, but society pressures them into believing that a career is more important than family. † (1) Unless some changes are made, the family unit will continue to decline. Less time spent with children building character increases the risk for disregarding and disrespecting others. The current attitudes of â€Å"you owe me†, â€Å"I deserve it†, as well as â€Å"it is all about me† will probably continue to get worse. Even though being a stay-at-home mom may have periods of loneliness, boredom, frustration, and feelings of futility, the rewards of being personally involved with raising one’s own children greatly outweigh the negatives. One of the greatest accomplishments in life is being a stay-at-home mom where one can teach and model good behavior and moral fortitude. By emulating these morals and values, children enter into adulthood with the necessary tools needed to produce a successful society. As tough as this unpaid task may be, this self-sacrifice of staying at home to raise ones’ children can be the most society enhancing job a woman can do.

The Best SAT and ACT Test Dates for Senior Fall

The Best SAT and ACT Test Dates for Senior Fall SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Senior year is coming up, and you're ready to take a last shot at the SAT or ACT before applying to college. But when should you take the test? And how can you ensure that your scores make it to colleges on time? Read on to see a list of the fall and winter test dates as well as a detailed guide onhow to choose the best date for your situation. First Up: Make Sure You Have the Right Target Score Make sure that you know what score you need for the schools you're applying to. Read our guide on figuring out what score you need for the SAT and for the ACT. Test Dates and Deadlines for Seniors PrepScholar uses analysis of historical data and date selection principles to project these registration deadlines. The official registration deadlines for the 2019-20 school year haven't been released by the College Board and the ACT yet, but the test dates themselves are definitively based on official predicted schedules. SAT Test Dates August 24 Regular registration deadline: July 26 Late registration deadline: August 14 October 5 Regular registration deadline: September 6 Late registration deadline: September 25 November 2 Regular registration deadline: October 4Late registration deadline: October 23 December 7 Regular registration deadline: November 8Late registration deadline: November 26 ACT Test Dates July 13 Regular registration deadline: June 14Late registration deadline: June 24 September 7 Regular registration deadline: August 9Late registration deadline: August 25 October 26 Regular registration deadline: September 27Late registration deadline: October 13 December 7 Regular registration deadline: November 1Late registration deadline: November 18 February 8, 2020 Regular registration deadline: January 10Late registration deadline: January 17 These are just dates that are most relevant to seniorscheck out our full list of 2018-2019 test dates here. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Which Test Dates Should I Pick? Your decision should be based on a few different factors;college application deadlines and score goals are the most important. In general, try and go for the earlier dates to reduce stress! Choosing the Best Test Date for Your College Applications Before you settle on a testing date, make sure you know the application deadlines for your schools.If you are applying Early Decision or Early Action, most colleges have November application deadlines. If you are applying regular decision, applications are usually due in early January. Schools often accept SAT and ACT scores after application deadlines, but to verify this you should look up policies at the specific schools where you are planning on submitting scores. Harvard, for example, advises you to submit at least one component of its testing requirements (SAT, ACT, or two SAT subject tests) by October for Early Action and November for regular decision. However, they will continue to accept results from test dates as late as November for Early Action and as late as January for regular decision. There are some schools, including Yale, that will even accept scores from regular decision applicants on tests taken as late as February (for the ACT). As a general rule, if you are applying Early Action or Early Decision, the latest you should take the SAT is November 5, and the latest you should take the ACT is October 22.If you are applying regular decision, the latest you should take the SAT is January 28, and the latest you should take the ACT is February 11. Again, these are the LATEST dates you might take the tests - they may not be the best dates for your situation. If you wait for your results before sending scores to colleges rather than choosing to send scores the day of the test, you will end up with about a month between when you take the test and when colleges receive your scores.The ACT takes around two weeks to give you your scores, and theSAT takes around three weeks.Then it’s another two weeks or so to send the scores to your schools unless you use Rush Reporting. Rush Reportingsends your scores to colleges within two business days, but it will cost you almost three times the fee associated with a regular score report ($31 vs. $11.25), and some schools don't accept it. Make sure you're aware of how late your schools will accept SAT and ACT scores if your scores won’t make it there by the application deadline. How the College Board apparently sends your scores, am I right? Choosing the Best Test Date for Your Score Goals Whether or not you're planning on taking the SAT or ACT more than once this year, my advice is toaim for the first fall test date. That's October 1 for the SAT and September 10 for the ACT. Then, you can formulate a game plan for the rest of the year based on your performance. I Took the October SAT, Now What? The most important considerations for you to plan your testing strategy are: 1) whether you can even register for the next test date, and 2) whether you can avoid late fees. Generally speaking, the registration deadlines are packed so tightly that if you don't register for the next test right before you get your scores back, you're going to run into late fees. Here's a chart that shows how this will play out: Which Test? Test Date Deadline Late Deadline Score Release SAT Oct 5, 2019 Sep 6, 2019 Sep 25, 2019 Oct 25, 2019 SAT Nov 2, 2019 Oct 4, 2019 Oct 23, 2019 Nov 22, 2019 SAT Dec 7, 2019 Nov 8, 2019 Nov 22, 2019 Dec 27, 2019 For example: October's test date is October 5, and test scores should come out around October 25. November's normal registration deadline is October 4, and its late registration deadline is October 23. Therefore: If you're sure you want to take both October and November tests, register for the November test before you take the October test on October 1 to avoid late fees. If you take the October test and have not registered for the November test,wait for your scores to arrive. If they're not good, register for the November test immediately so you don't miss the late registration deadline. November and December are even tighter: If you're sure you want to take both November and December test dates, register for the December test before you take the November test on November 3 to avoid late fees. November scores should come out November 22. The late registration deadline for December is November 22. Thus, you cannot wait to receive your November scores before registering for the December test. If you take the November test and feel like you did poorly, immediately register for the December test for your last chance. If the extra fees are not significant to you, and you feel like you need many chances to take the test, err on the side of caution and register for all the test dates. You can cancel your test dates without any issueit won't go on your record and the College Board will gladly just take your money. I Took the September ACT, Now What? Let's go through the same logic for ACT test dates in 2018-19 here. Which Test? Test Date Deadline Late Deadline Score Release ACT Sept 7, 2019 Aug 9, 2019 Aug 25, 2019 Sept 17, 2019 ACT Oct 26, 2019 Sept 27, 2019 Oct 13, 2019 Nov 12, 2019 ACT Dec 7, 2019 Nov 1, 2019 Nov 18, 2019 Dec 17, 2019 If you take the September test: the normal registration deadline for the October test is September 27. This is after the September test date of September 8, 2018. Therefore, if you take the September test and don't feel good about it, before you get your scores back, register for the October test to avoid late fees. when you get your September scores back on September 17, if you need to retake, quickly register for the October test to avoid a late fee. If you take the October test: the normal registration deadline for the December test is November 1. This isafter the October test date of October 27, 2018. Therefore, if you take the October test and don't feel good about it, before you get your scores back, register for the December test to avoid late fees. when you get your October scores back on November 12, if you need to retake, quickly register for the December test with a late fee. Hopefully all of this helps you plan out the step by step testing plan for senior year. Choosing the Best Test Date for Your Study Plan By the end of your junior year, you probably know how much you are looking to improve on standardized tests before you send scores to colleges. The summer between junior and senior year is a great studying opportunity. If you are hoping to dramatically change your scores, putting in 5 hours a week for those three months is likely to give you a 150-200 point boost on the SAT or a 4-6 point boost on the ACT.For more advice on creating a study plan, check out our Complete Plans for both the SAT and ACT. You should register for the first fall test date even if you think you still need to study more. Every test session presents a unique opportunity to assess your strengths and weaknesses in a controlled environment.You can always sign up for the next date right away if the first test doesn't go as well as you hoped! Make sure you save time outside of studying to engage in fun summer activities, which apparently at some point in history included walking along depressing beaches in wildly impractical dresses. Overview Be aware of your application deadlines. Check with your schools to see when they accept test scores. Be prepared to sign up for the test again if you aren’t satisfied the first time. The earlier test date is the better test datebecause you will have more opportunities later on to improve your scores! What's Next? Find out which exact dates you want to choose with our Table of 2016-2017 SAT Test Dates. Check out this article if you're wondering how many times you should take the SAT overall.Or, take a look at this advice if you're just debating whether you should retake the ACT or SAT. Still need to take your SAT subject tests? Here are some upcoming dates and advice on which ones you should choose. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: